Theoretical Yield = (mol of LR) × (mole ratio) × (MW product)
The theoretical yield is the maximum product obtainable from a given amount of limiting reagent, calculated by stoichiometry: (1) Convert LR mass to moles. (2) Multiply by the mole ratio (product:LR from balanced equation). (3) Convert product moles to mass. Percent yield = (actual/theoretical) × 100. The limiting reagent (LR) is the reactant that runs out first — identified by converting each reactant's mass to moles, then dividing by its coefficient: the smallest value is the LR. Atom economy = (MW of desired product / total MW of all products) × 100, a green chemistry metric. Both percent yield and atom economy are important in industrial chemistry for cost, waste, and environmental impact assessment.